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Essential Fish Habitat
Fundamental Fish Habitat (EFH) was defined by the U. T. Congress in the 1996 changes to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Preservation and Management Act, or perhaps Magnuson-Stevens Act, as "those waters and substrate needed to fish for spawning, breeding, feeding or growth to maturity. "|1| Putting into action regulations clarified that oceans include all aquatic areas and their physical, chemical, and biological properties; substrate comes with the associated biological organizations that make these areas ideal for fish habitats, and the information and identification of EFH should include habitats used whenever you want during the species' life routine.|2| EFH includes all types of aquatic habitat, such as wetlands, coral reefs, fine sand, seagrasses, and rivers.|3|
NOAA Fisheries works with the regional fishery management local authorities to designate EFH making use of the best available scientific data. EFH has been described for over a 1, 000 managed variety to date.|4| The primary purpose of EFH regulations is usually to minimize the adverse effects of fishing and non reef fishing impacts on EFH for the maximum extent practicable.
In 1996, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Work was amended to establish a fresh requirements to identify and express EFH to protect, conserve and enhance EFH for the main benefit of the fisheries.|5| The Magnuson-Stevens Act provides jurisdiction over the management and conservation of marine fish species. Federal agencies must consult with NOAA Fisheries when their actions or actions may adversely affect natural environment identified by federal local fishery management councils or perhaps NOAA Fisheries as EFH.|6| On 12 , 19, 1997, interim final rules were published in the Federal Register (Vol. over 60, No . 244) which stipulate procedures for implementation from the EFH provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.|7| These rules were amended simply by publication of final rules upon January 17, 2002 (Vol. 67, No . 12).|8| he rules, in two subparts, address requirements for fishery management plan (FMP) amendment, and depth the coordination, consultation, and recommendation requirements of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.
Impacts from certain fishing techniques and coastal and maritime development and may alter, damage, or destroy habitats essential for fish. NOAA Fisheries, the regional fishery management councils (FMCs), and other federal firms work together to minimize these risks.|13| Congress has established councils to classify unfavorable effects on fishes in relation to types of fishing gear, coastal developments and non-point and point source pollution, and also, evaluating how well each fishery is managed. The FMCs, with assistance from NOAA Fisheries, has delineated EFH for federally managed variety. As new FMPs happen to be developed, EFH for newly managed species will also be identified.|14| FMPs must describe and identify EFH for the fishery, minimize to the extent practicable the adverse effects of fishing in EFH, and identify additional actions to encourage the conservation and enhancement of EFH.
Through consultations, NOAA Fisheries can suggest ways federal agencies can avoid or minimize the adverse effects of their actions within the habitat of federally managed commercial and recreational the fishing industry.|16| Federal action agencies which fund, grant, or carry out activities that may adversely affect EFH have to consult with NOAA Fisheries.|17| The federal actions agency must provide NOAA Fisheries with an diagnosis of all actions or offered actions authorized, funded, or undertaken by the agency that may adversely affect EFH.|18| Then NOAA The fishing industry will provide the federal action agency with EFH Conservation recommendations.|19| These Conservation Recommendations provide information on keep away from, minimize, mitigate, or counteract those adverse effects.|20| Federal action agencies must provide a written explanation to NOAA Fisheries if these recommendations have not been adopted.|21| NOAA Fisheries must also include measures to reduce the adverse effects of angling gear and fishing activities on EFH as well.|22| In addition , NOAA Fisheries and the FMCs may discuss and make recommendations to any state agency on their activities which may affect EFH.|23|
Most consultations are done in the NMFS regional offices: Better Atlantic Regional Fisheries Office (GARFO), Southeast Regional Office (SERO), West Coast Local Office (WCRO), Alaska Local Office (AKRO), and Pacific cycles Islands Regional Office (PIRO). National consultations spanning multiple regions can be done at NOAA Fisheries Headquarters.
State companies and private landowners are not needed to consult with NMFS. EFH discussions are required if the federal government provides authorized, funded, or undertaken part or all of a proposed activity, and if the action will adversely influence EFH.|24| Badly affecting EFH includes immediate or indirect physical, substance or biological alterations of the waters or substrate and loss of, or injury to types and their habitat, and other environment components, or reduction on the quality and/or quantity of EFH.
Environment areas of particular concern or perhaps HAPCs are considered high priority areas for conservation, administration, and research.|26| HAPCs are subsets of EFH that merit special attention because they meet at least one of the following four criteria:
provide important environmental function;
are sensitive to environmental degradation;
include a environment type that is/will come to be stressed by development;
add a habitat type that is rare.|27|
Current HAPCs incorporate important habitats like estuaries, canopy kelp, corals, seagrass, and rocky reefs, among other areas of interest. HAPCs will be afforded the same regulatory safety as EFH and do not rule out activities from occurring inside the area, such as fishing, diving, swimming or surfing.
Essential Fish Habitat is selected for all federally managed fish under the MSA whereas Important Habitat is designated for the survival and recovery of species listed seeing that threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA).|29| Critical demeure include areas occupied by the threatened or endangered varieties that include physical and natural features that are essential to the conservation of the species.|30| Critical Habitat is designated as critical during the time a species is listed under the ESA.|31| EFH and Critical Habitat are different in terms of designation and regulation, but they may overlap for many species such as salmon.|32|
Home characteristics include sediment type, type of bottoms (sand, silt and clay), structures underlying the water surface, and marine community structures. These refuge are essential for fish and ecosystem health. The fundamental environment structure begins with gunk. Erosion is stabilized by submerged aquatic vegetation. You will find two main types of bottoms, hard and soft.|33| A study by Christensen at el. (2004) looked at three bottom environment types (vegetated marsh edge, submerged aquatic vegetation, and shallow non-vegetated bottom) in relation to juvenile brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus). The results from the study showed that brown shrimp selected vegetated areas in salinities 15-25 ppt and they would select vegetated areas over marsh edges after they co-occurred. Finding the areas that had the highest abundance helped to identify EFH of young , small brown shrimp.|34|
Hard bottom also known as coral reefs or live bottom gives hard complex vertical composition for attachment of sponges, seaweed, and coral, which in turn support a diverse reef seafood community.|35| This community can comprise invertebra, coral, hard coral, bryozoans, ploychaete worms, tunicates, various fin-fishes, alga, and a dry sponge. Areas of compacted or sheered mud and sediment are a form of hard bottom.|36|
Soft bottom consists of unconsolidated sediment and unvegetated areas. In some regions soft bottoms are not protected even though they are often primary nursery areas, anadromous fish spawning areas, and anadromous nursery areas. Features that affect soft lower side in relation to organisms that make use of them include sediment hemp size, salinity, dissolved breathable oxygen and flow.
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