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Essential Fish Habitat
Essential Fish Habitat (EFH) was defined by the U. Ersus. Congress in the 1996 changes to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Preservation and Management Act, or perhaps Magnuson-Stevens Act, as "those waters and substrate essential to fish for spawning, breeding, feeding or growth to maturity. "|1| Employing regulations clarified that oceans include all aquatic areas and their physical, chemical, and biological properties; substrate incorporates the associated biological neighborhoods that make these areas suitable for fish habitats, and the description and identification of EFH should include habitats used at any time during the species' life cycle.|2| EFH comes with all types of aquatic habitat, such as wetlands, coral reefs, yellow sand, seagrasses, and rivers.|3|
NOAA Fisheries works with the regional fishery management local authorities to designate EFH using the best available scientific data. EFH has been described for more than a 1, 000 managed types to date.|4| The key purpose of EFH regulations is always to minimize the adverse effects of fishing and non reef fishing impacts on EFH for the maximum extent practicable.
In 1996, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act was amended to establish a new requirements to identify and describe EFH to protect, conserve and enhance EFH for the advantage of the fisheries.|5| The Magnuson-Stevens Act has jurisdiction over the management and conservation of marine fish species. Federal agencies need to consult with NOAA Fisheries when ever their actions or activities may adversely affect home identified by federal territorial fishery management councils or NOAA Fisheries as EFH.|6| On January 19, 1997, interim last rules were published inside the Federal Register (Vol. sixty two, No . 244) which stipulate procedures for implementation on the EFH provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.|7| These types of rules were amended simply by publication of final rules upon January 17, 2002 (Vol. 67, No . 12).|8| he rules, in two subparts, address requirements for fishery management plan (FMP) amendment, and detail the coordination, consultation, and recommendation requirements of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.
Has an effect on from certain fishing practices and coastal and submarine development and may alter, harm, or destroy habitats necessary for fish. NOAA Fisheries, the regional fishery management local authorities (FMCs), and other federal organizations work together to minimize these risks.|13| Congress has established councils to classify unfavorable effects on fishes in relation to types of fishing gear, coast developments and non-point and point source pollution, along with, evaluating how well each fishery is managed. The FMCs, with assistance from NOAA Fisheries, has delineated EFH for federally managed varieties. As new FMPs are developed, EFH for recently managed species will also be described.|14| FMPs need to describe and identify EFH for the fishery, lessen to the extent practicable the adverse effects of fishing in EFH, and identify additional actions to encourage the conservation and enhancement of EFH.
Through consultations, NOAA Fisheries can suggest ways federal agencies can easily avoid or minimize the adverse effects of their actions around the habitat of federally handled commercial and recreational the fishing industry.|16| Federal action agencies which fund, permit, or carry out activities that may adversely affect EFH are required to consult with NOAA Fisheries.|17| The federal action agency must provide NOAA Fisheries with an assessment of all actions or recommended actions authorized, funded, or perhaps undertaken by the agency that may adversely affect EFH.|18| Then NOAA The fishing industry will provide the federal actions agency with EFH Preservation recommendations.|19| These Conservation Recommendations provide information on how to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or offset those adverse effects.|20| Federal action agencies must provide a written explanation to NOAA Fisheries if any of these recommendations have not been used.|21| NOAA Fisheries must also include measures to minimize the adverse effects of fishing gear and fishing activities on EFH as well.|22| In addition , NOAA Fisheries and the FMCs may comment on and make recommendations to any state agency on their actions which may affect EFH.|23|
Most consultations are done in the NMFS regional offices: Increased Atlantic Regional Fisheries Workplace (GARFO), Southeast Regional Office (SERO), West Coast Regional Office (WCRO), Alaska Territorial Office (AKRO), and Pacific cycles Islands Regional Office (PIRO). National consultations spanning multiple regions can be done at NOAA Fisheries Headquarters.
State companies and private landowners are not forced to consult with NMFS. EFH meetings are required if the federal government has authorized, funded, or taken on part or all of a proposed activity, and if the action will adversely impact EFH.|24| Adversely affecting EFH includes direct or indirect physical, chemical substance or biological alterations with the waters or substrate and loss of, or injury to kinds and their habitat, and other ecosystem components, or reduction of the quality and/or quantity of EFH.
An environment areas of particular concern or perhaps HAPCs are considered high main concern areas for conservation, control, and research.|26| HAPCs are subsets of EFH that merit attention because they meet in least one of the following some criteria:
provide important ecological function;
are sensitive to environmental degradation;
include a habitat type that is/will get stressed by development;
add a habitat type that is uncommon.|27|
Current HAPCs incorporate important habitats like estuaries, canopy kelp, corals, seagrass, and rocky reefs, between other areas of interest. HAPCs are afforded the same regulatory safeguard as EFH and do not don't include activities from occurring inside the area, such as fishing, snorkeling, swimming or surfing.
Imperative Fish Habitat is selected for all federally managed seafood under the MSA whereas Vital Habitat is designated pertaining to the survival and recovery of species listed since threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA).|29| Critical g?te include areas occupied by the threatened or endangered variety that include physical and neurological features that are essential to the conservation of the species.|30| Critical Habitat is certainly designated as critical at the moment a species is listed beneath the ESA.|31| EFH and Critical Habitat are very different in terms of designation and legislation, but they may overlap for several species such as salmon.|32|
Habitat characteristics include sediment type, type of bottoms (sand, silt and clay), structures root the water surface, and marine community structures. These case are essential for fish and ecosystem health. The fundamental habitat structure begins with gunk. Erosion is stabilized simply by submerged aquatic vegetation. You will find two main types of bottoms, hard and gentle.|33| A study simply by Christensen at el. (2004) looked at three bottom environment types (vegetated marsh advantage, submerged aquatic vegetation, and shallow non-vegetated bottom) pertaining to juvenile brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus). The results from the analysis showed that brown shrimp selected vegetated areas in salinities 15-25 ppt and so they would select vegetated areas over marsh edges if they co-occurred. Finding the areas that had the highest abundance helped to identify EFH of juvenile brown shrimp.|34|
Hard bottom also known as coral reefs or live bottom provides hard complex vertical framework for attachment of a sponge, seaweed, and coral, which in turn support a diverse reef fish community.|35| This kind of community can comprise invertebra, coral, hard coral, bryozoans, ploychaete worms, tunicates, various fin-fishes, alga, and sponges. Areas of compacted or sheered mud and sediment are usually a form of hard bottom.|36|
Soft bottom consists of unconsolidated sediment and unvegetated areas. In some regions soft underside are not protected even though they are often primary nursery areas, anadromous fish spawning areas, and anadromous nursery areas. Qualities that affect soft lower part in relation to organisms that use them include sediment feed size, salinity, dissolved o2 and flow.
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