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Essential Fish Habitat
Necessary Fish Habitat (EFH) was defined by the U. Ersus. Congress in the 1996 changes to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, or perhaps Magnuson-Stevens Act, as "those waters and substrate essential to fish for spawning, breeding, feeding or growth to maturity. "|1| Applying regulations clarified that oceans include all aquatic areas and their physical, chemical, and biological properties; substrate incorporates the associated biological neighborhoods that make these areas appropriate for fish habitats, and the description and identification of EFH should include habitats used whenever you want during the species' life circuit.|2| EFH comes with all types of aquatic habitat, including wetlands, coral reefs, mud, seagrasses, and rivers.|3|
NOAA Fisheries works with the regional fishery management local authorities to designate EFH making use of the best available scientific details. EFH has been described for more than a 1, 000 managed species to date.|4| The main purpose of EFH regulations is usually to minimize the adverse effects of fishing and non sport fishing impacts on EFH towards the maximum extent practicable.
In 1996, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Action was amended to establish a fresh requirements to identify and express EFH to protect, conserve and enhance EFH for the benefit of the fisheries.|5| The Magnuson-Stevens Act offers jurisdiction over the management and conservation of marine fish species. Federal agencies must consult with NOAA Fisheries once their actions or activities may adversely affect home identified by federal territorial fishery management councils or NOAA Fisheries as EFH.|6| On January 19, 1997, interim last rules were published inside the Federal Register (Vol. sixty two, No . 244) which stipulate procedures for implementation on the EFH provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.|7| These kinds of rules were amended by simply publication of final rules in January 17, 2002 (Vol. 67, No . 12).|8| he rules, in two subparts, address requirements for fishery management program (FMP) amendment, and detail the coordination, consultation, and recommendation requirements of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.
Affects from certain fishing techniques and coastal and maritime development and may alter, destruction, or destroy habitats important for fish. NOAA Fisheries, the regional fishery management local authorities (FMCs), and other federal agencies work together to minimize these risks.|13| Congress has created councils to classify unfavorable affects on fishes in relation to types of fishing gear, coast developments and non-point and point source pollution, and also, evaluating how well every single fishery is managed. The FMCs, with assistance from NOAA Fisheries, has delineated EFH for federally managed variety. As new FMPs will be developed, EFH for recently managed species will also be defined.|14| FMPs must describe and identify EFH for the fishery, lessen to the extent practicable the adverse effects of fishing about EFH, and identify other actions to encourage the conservation and enhancement of EFH.
Through consultations, NOAA Fisheries can recommend ways federal agencies may avoid or minimize the adverse effects of their actions on the habitat of federally handled commercial and recreational the fishing industry.|16| Federal actions agencies which fund, license, or carry out activities which may adversely affect EFH are required to consult with NOAA Fisheries.|17| The federal actions agency must provide NOAA Fisheries with an diagnosis of all actions or offered actions authorized, funded, or undertaken by the agency which may adversely affect EFH.|18| Then NOAA The fishing industry will provide the federal actions agency with EFH Conservation recommendations.|19| These kinds of Conservation Recommendations provide information on how to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or balance those adverse effects.|20| Federal action agencies need to provide a written explanation to NOAA Fisheries if some of these recommendations have not been adopted.|21| NOAA The fishing industry must also include measures to minimize the adverse effects of angling gear and fishing actions on EFH as well.|22| In addition , NOAA The fishing industry and the FMCs may comment on and make recommendations to the state agency on their actions which may affect EFH.|23|
Most consultations are done in the NMFS regional offices: Increased Atlantic Regional Fisheries Office (GARFO), Southeast Regional Business office (SERO), West Coast Regional Office (WCRO), Alaska Regional Office (AKRO), and Ocean Islands Regional Office (PIRO). National consultations spanning multiple regions can be done at NOAA Fisheries Headquarters.
State agencies and private landowners are not necessary to consult with NMFS. EFH discussions are required if the federal government possesses authorized, funded, or undertaken part or all of a proposed activity, and if the action will adversely have an effect on EFH.|24| Negatively affecting EFH includes immediate or indirect physical, chemical substance or biological alterations in the waters or substrate and loss of, or injury to variety and their habitat, and other ecosystem components, or reduction in the quality and/or quantity of EFH.
Natural environment areas of particular concern or HAPCs are considered high priority areas for conservation, managing, and research.|26| HAPCs are subsets of EFH that merit attention because they meet at least one of the following 4 criteria:
provide important ecological function;
are sensitive to environmental degradation;
include a natural environment type that is/will end up being stressed by development;
will include a habitat type that is unusual.|27|
Current HAPCs contain important habitats like estuaries, canopy kelp, corals, seagrass, and rocky reefs, between other areas of interest. HAPCs will be afforded the same regulatory security as EFH and do not don't include activities from occurring in the area, such as fishing, diving, swimming or surfing.
Necessary Fish Habitat is selected for all federally managed fish under the MSA whereas Important Habitat is designated meant for the survival and restoration of species listed since threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA).|29| Critical g?te include areas occupied by threatened or endangered varieties that include physical and neurological features that are essential to the conservation of the species.|30| Critical Habitat is certainly designated as critical during the time a species is listed underneath the ESA.|31| EFH and Critical Habitat will vary in terms of designation and legislation, but they may overlap for sure species such as salmon.|32|
Habitat characteristics include sediment type, type of bottoms (sand, silt and clay), structures underlying the water surface, and aquatic community structures. These demeure are essential for fish and ecosystem health. The fundamental environment structure begins with crud. Erosion is stabilized by submerged aquatic vegetation. There are two main types of bottoms, hard and very soft.|33| A study simply by Christensen at el. (2004) looked at three bottom habitat types (vegetated marsh border, submerged aquatic vegetation, and shallow non-vegetated bottom) with regards to juvenile brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus). The results from the study showed that brown shrimp selected vegetated areas in salinities 15-25 ppt and they would select vegetated areas over marsh edges if they co-occurred. Finding the areas that had the highest abundance helped to identify EFH of teen brown shrimp.|34|
Hard bottom also known as coral reefs or live bottom supplies hard complex vertical composition for attachment of sponges, seaweed, and coral, which often support a diverse reef fish community.|35| This community can comprise invertebra, coral, hard coral, bryozoans, ploychaete worms, tunicates, a variety of fin-fishes, alga, and a dry sponge. Areas of compacted or sheered mud and sediment are usually a form of hard bottom.|36|
Soft bottom consists of unconsolidated sediment and unvegetated areas. In some regions soft bottoms are not protected even though they might be primary nursery areas, anadromous fish spawning areas, and anadromous nursery areas. Qualities that affect soft lower part in relation to organisms that make use of them include sediment feed size, salinity, dissolved breathable oxygen and flow.
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